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61 Marey, Etienne-Jules
[br]b. 5 March 1830 Beaune, Franced. 15 May 1904 Paris, France[br]French physiologist and pioneer of chronophotography.[br]At the age of 19 Marey went to Paris to study medicine, becoming particularly interested in the problems of the circulation of the blood. In an early communication to the Académie des Sciences he described a much improved device for recording the pulse, the sphygmograph, in which the beats were recorded on a smoked plate. Most of his subsequent work was concerned with methods of recording movement: to study the movement of the horse, he used pneumatic sensors on each hoof to record traces on a smoked drum; this device became known as the Marey recording tambour. His attempts to study the wing movements of a bird in flight in the same way met with limited success since the recording system interfered with free movement. Reading in 1878 of Muybridge's work in America using sequence photography to study animal movement, Marey considered the use of photography himself. In 1882 he developed an idea first used by the astronomer Janssen: a camera in which a series of exposures could be made on a circular photographic plate. Marey's "photographic gun" was rifle shaped and could expose twelve pictures in approximately one second on a circular plate. With this device he was able to study wing movements of birds in free flight. The camera was limited in that it could record only a small number of images, and in the summer of 1882 he developed a new camera, when the French government gave him a grant to set up a physiological research station on land provided by the Parisian authorities near the Porte d'Auteuil. The new design used a fixed plate, on which a series of images were recorded through a rotating shutter. Looking rather like the results provided by a modern stroboscope flash device, the images were partially superimposed if the subject was slow moving, or separated if it was fast. His human subjects were dressed all in white and moved against a black background. An alternative was to dress the subject in black, with highly reflective strips and points along limbs and at joints, to produce a graphic record of the relationships of the parts of the body during action. A one-second-sweep timing clock was included in the scene to enable the precise interval between exposures to be assessed. The fixed-plate cameras were used with considerable success, but the number of individual records on each plate was still limited. With the appearance of Eastman's Kodak roll-film camera in France in September 1888, Marey designed a new camera to use the long rolls of paper film. He described the new apparatus to the Académie des Sciences on 8 October 1888, and three weeks later showed a band of images taken with it at the rate of 20 per second. This camera and its subsequent improvements were the first true cinematographic cameras. The arrival of Eastman's celluloid film late in 1889 made Marey's camera even more practical, and for over a decade the Physiological Research Station made hundreds of sequence studies of animals and humans in motion, at rates of up to 100 pictures per second. Marey pioneered the scientific study of movement using film cameras, introducing techniques of time-lapse, frame-by-frame and slow-motion analysis, macro-and micro-cinematography, superimposed timing clocks, studies of airflow using smoke streams, and other methods still in use in the 1990s. Appointed Professor of Natural History at the Collège de France in 1870, he headed the Institut Marey founded in 1898 to continue these studies. After Marey's death in 1904, the research continued under the direction of his associate Lucien Bull, who developed many new techniques, notably ultra-high-speed cinematography.[br]Principal Honours and DistinctionsForeign member of the Royal Society 1898. President, Académie des Sciences 1895.Bibliography1860–1904, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences de Paris.1873, La Machine animale, Paris 1874, Animal Mechanism, London.1893, Die Chronophotographie, Berlin. 1894, Le Mouvement, Paris.1895, Movement, London.1899, La Chronophotographie, Paris.Further Reading1905, Travaux de l'Association de l'Institut Marey, Paris. Brian Coe, 1981, History of Movie Photography, London.——1992, Muybridge and the Chronophotographers, London. Jacques Deslandes, 1966, Histoire comparée du cinéma, Vol. I, Paris.See also: Demenÿ, GeorgesBC / MG -
62 сейсмостратиграфия
1) Geology: sequence stratigraphy2) Geophysics: seismic stratigraphy, stratigraphic analysisУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > сейсмостратиграфия
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63 структурно-формационный анализ
Geophysics: seismic stratigraphy, sequence stratigraphy, stratigraphic analysisУниверсальный русско-английский словарь > структурно-формационный анализ
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64 схема анализа задачи и последовательности операций
Универсальный русско-английский словарь > схема анализа задачи и последовательности операций
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65 отметим, что
Отметим, чтоIt is noted that the magnitude of the Strouchal number of Knapp's study of the hemispherical nose is significantly greater than recorded for the zero-caliber ogive.It will be noted that the bar can be tested over a large range of overhang ratios to simulate the conditions it would be used under in an industrial situation.It will be observed that good recovery is found in the range of 0 to 15 deg with an implied maximum in that range.With respect to the laboratory tests, it is pointed out that statistical evaluation of all the 150 hr aqueous tests did not indicate any statistical significance.Note that the module, which is designed for 3-wire use, does not permit a 4-wire probe to provide any additional accuracy over a 3-wire probe.Заметим / Отметим, чтоNote that this is contrary to the conclusions which would be drawn from a two-dimensional inviscid analysis of the shroud.It will be observed that in a single sequence the pressure and velocity field are updated twice and the temperature field once.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > отметим, что
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66 представление
Представление - idea, conception, understanding, insight (понимание); submittal (документов); presentation (доклада, таблицы и т.п.); representation (в каком-либо переработанном виде, в новом оформлении)In order to obtain some idea of the scale of the numerical errors we can interchange the sequence of integration.Experimental data obtained from 1925 until the present time considerably changed our conceptions.The analysis was performed to gain some understanding of the force distribution.The writers choose to gain some insight into the nature of the stress state.Русско-английский научно-технический словарь переводчика > представление
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67 последовательный
* * *adj. sequential, consecutive, successive;
план последовательных выборок - sequential-sampling plan;
последовательная выборка - sequential sampling;
игра с усечённой последовательной выборкой - truncated-sequential game;
последовательные приближения - successive approximations;
параллельно-последовательный метод выполнения операций - parallel-serial mode;
последовательная выборка команд - control sequence;
последовательный анализ - sequential analysis -
68 critical-path method
Gen Mgt, Opsa network analysis planning technique used especially in project management to identify the activities within a project that are critical for its success.In critical-path method, individual activities within a project and their duration are recorded in a diagram or flow chart. A critical path is plotted through the diagram, showing the sequence in which activities must be completed in order to complete the project in the shortest amount of time, incurring the least cost. -
69 последовательный
adj.sequential, consecutive, successive -
70 цепь обеспечения сохранности проб
цепь обеспечения сохранности проб
цепь мониторинга
Ряд лиц и организаций, ответственных за сохранность пробы с момента ее сдачи спортсменом до поступления на лабораторное исследование.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]EN
chain of custody
Sequence of individuals and organizations that bear the responsibility for a sample as of its provision and until it has been received for analysis.
[Департамент лингвистических услуг Оргкомитета «Сочи 2014». Глоссарий терминов]Тематики
Синонимы
EN
Русско-английский словарь нормативно-технической терминологии > цепь обеспечения сохранности проб
См. также в других словарях:
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sequence — [sē′kwəns, sē′kwens΄] n. [MFr < LL, a following < L sequens: see SEQUENT] 1. a) the following of one thing after another in chronological, causal, or logical order; succession or continuity b) the order in which this occurs 2. a continuous… … English World dictionary
